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Parachartergus fraternus
''Parachartergus fraternus'' is a neotropical, swarm founding, polistine wasp species that is distributed throughout Central and South America.〔Leonardo, Paula C., Flavio R. Andrade, and Fabio Prezoto. "Foraging Behavior in the Neotropical Swarm-founding Wasp Parachartergus Fraternus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae: Epiponini) during Different Phases of the Biological Cycle." ''Sociobiology'' 42 (2003): 735–43. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.〕 They live in nests in second growth tropical dry forests, near pasture fields, roadside areas, and urban areas as well.〔Olson, Eric J. "Parachartergus Fraternus (Gribodo)(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) Uses Venom When Taking Caterpillar Prey." ''Psyche: A Journal of Entomology'' 103.1–2 (2000): 85–93. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.〕 These wasps eat insects, such as caterpillars of Lepidoptera. They also drink nectar, honeydew, and water.〔Mateus, Sidnei, Fernando Barbosa Noll, and Ronaldo Zucchi. "Caste Flexibility and Variation According to the Colony Cycle in the Swarm-founding Wasp, Parachartergus Fraternus (Gribodo) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)." ''Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society'' 77.4 (2004): 470–83. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.〕 The workers capture their prey during foraging. They also use venom to paralyze their prey in order to consume it later.〔 ''P. fraternus'' wasps are not very aggressive and they do not attack when the nest is approached.〔
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
''Parachartergus fraternus'' is closely related to the species ''Parachartergus apicalis''. These wasps belong to the genus ''Parachartergus'', which has sixteen species distributed from Mexico to the southern Argentina. Ten of these species are found in Brazil and two are endemic.〔Porto Santos, Germi, Jose Cola Zanuncio, Evaldo Pires, Fabio Prezoto, Jose Milagres Pereira, and Jose Eduardo Serrao. "Foraging of Parachartergus Fraternus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini) on Cloudy and Sunny Days." ''Sociobiology'' 53 (2009): 431–41. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.〕 Most ''Parachartergus'' species have few morphological differences between castes in all stages of the colony cycle.〔Myers, P., R. Espinosa, S. Parr, T. Jones, G. Hammond, and T. Dewey. "Animal Diversity Web." ''ADW: Parachartergus Fraternus: CLASSIFICATION''. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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